Regulatory agreements on local border traffic currently exist with Belarus (with Latvia since 2011), Moldova (with Romania since 2010), Russia (with Norway since 2012, Latvia since 2013 and Poland in 2012-20161) and Ukraine (with Hungary and Slovakia since 2008, Poland since 2009 and Romania since 2015). The agreement between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina is about to be ratified, but it is being applied provisionally. [76] In order to illustrate the changes in the visa policy of the EU Member States since 1969 and their effects, the following cards show the visa waiver for the former EU-15 group. Footnote 3 These Member States are a privileged region, footnote 4, which has since become a huge attraction target for tourists and migrants from all over the world. The EU-15 group was selected for both dates for a methodological reason, namely to have a fixed point of comparison. This is the only way to understand the harmonisation of European visa policy, when the EU-15 did not yet exist as a political unit in 1969 and had already been enlarged in 2010. EU-15 countries are characterised by a dark green colour and all countries whose citizens travelled visa-free to at least one of these EU-15 countries in 1969 (Figure 1) and 2010 (Figure 2) have a light green colour. Since the Schengen Agreement was not yet in force in 1969, an access option was not synonymous with permission to travel freely throughout the region. However, in 2010, visa-free travel for a limited period was synonymous with free movement throughout the Schengen area. Countries that did not benefit from a visa waiver for one of the EU-15 countries in 1969 or 2010 have a yellow colour.

Separate agreements apply to visa-free travel for holders of diplomatic or official passports travelling to or from Brazil or China. There is also a tendency to allow more and more Russians to enter the territory more and more multiple one-year visas, especially in Finland. In the EU, it is planned to allow up to five years of validity for multiple visas for Russians, in particular to lighten the workload in embassies. [Citation required] By combining these two elements of visa policy research, we have an essential insight into a complex relationship between the cooperating parties in the outsourcing process; the EU can continue to outsource border controls, but it also engages in other dependencies. For third countries, the adoption of border responsibility opens up an area for migration diplomacy, which will most likely ensure a better negotiating position vis-à-vis the EU and an increase in mobility opportunities for its population. . . .

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